Ilkhanate Diplomacy with Christian Europe

Timeline

1. 1274Lyon · FranceDuring the Second Council of Lyon, the papal court and eastern envoys discussed joint resistance to Islamic powers; Abaqa's envoys or agents conveyed alliance intentions through church networks.
2. 1275–1277Tabriz · IranAbaqa successively wrote to the pope and the kings of England and France, proposing coordinated attacks on the Mamluks, recovery of Jerusalem, and promising to protect Syrian Christians; the European response was cautious.
3. 1277Rome · ItalyWith the pope's death and European domestic constraints, the joint expedition plan was shelved; the Ilkhanate instead relied on itself and Caucasian vassals to launch military attacks against the Mamluks.