Transmission of Euclidean Geometry

Timeline

1. 1270–1274Maragheh Observatory · IranNasir al-Din al-Tusi and others produced systematic commentaries and rearrangements of the Elements based on Arabic translations, proposing logical improvements to the axiomatic system; their works became the standard reference for geometry in Islamic scholarly circles.
2. 1270–1279Paris · ParisThe Latin translation of the Elements completed by Campanus in the mid-13th century had become the core textbook of mathematics courses in European universities by the 1270s; scholastic scholars taught Euclidean geometry through logical deduction, institutionalizing the tradition of rational inquiry.