Yuan Invasion of Java

Timeline

1. 1289–1292Singhasari capital · JavaKublai Khan sent envoys including Meng Qi to Java to summon submission; Kertanagara refused to become a vassal, and there are records that he had envoys tattooed on the face as an insult. The Yuan dynasty then appointed Shi Bi as commander-in-chief, with Gao Xing and Yihemishi as deputies, assembling soldiers and sea ships at Quanzhou to cross the sea and punish him.
2. 1292–1293Quanzhou · FujianIn the 29th year of Zhiyuan, the Yuan forces sailed south from Quanzhou. Almost simultaneously, Jayakatwang of Kediri assassinated Kertanagara, and Singhasari fell. When the Yuan forces arrived in East Java, their intended target was already dead, and power on the island had passed to Kediri and the exiled Raden Wijaya.
3. 1293Kediri · JavaWijaya offered submission to the Yuan forces, volunteering as guide to attack Jayakatwang. The Yuan forces and Wijaya's allied army stormed Kediri, and Jayakatwang was defeated and captured. Yuan commanders believed Java had submitted and began arranging garrisons and the return journey.
4. 1293Around Troowulan · JavaWith Jayakatwang eliminated, Wijaya suddenly attacked the scattered Yuan camps; Shi Bi and others, unable to hold their ground after taking losses, withdrew north in 1293. Wijaya then established a new polity at Troowulan, known as the predecessor of Majapahit. The Yuan dynasty never again mounted a major expedition against Java.