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Intensification of Tokugawa Closed-Country Policy
In 1641, after the Shimabara Rebellion, the Tokugawa shogunate further tightened foreign trade and missionary activity, expelling the Portuguese and …
Timeline
- 1638–1639Edo · KantoAfter the Shimabara Rebellion, the shogunate viewed Catholics and Portuguese merchants as a threat, gradually banning Portuguese entry and ordering the expulsion of Portuguese in Japan in 1639.
- 1641Hirado · KyushuThe shogunate formally closed Hirado and other ports to Portuguese trade, confining Western ships to Nagasaki and barring Portuguese vessels from ever returning to Japan.
- 1641–1650Nagasaki · KyushuThereafter Japan permitted only the Dutch and the Chinese to conduct limited foreign trade through Nagasaki, and the closed-country policy became the basic framework for Edo-period foreign relations.
Sources
- Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 4: Early Modern Japan — John Whitney Hall et al. (1991)
- 日本通史（近代卷） — 井上清