Fragmentation after the death of Malik Shah

Timeline

1. 1092Isfahan · IranGreat Seljuk sultan Malik Shah I, who had reigned nearly twenty years, died at Isfahan; the empire lost its unifying core, and senior emirs such as Nizam al-Mulk had already died shortly before, leaving central authority unprecedentedly weak.
2. 1093–1100West Asia and Central Asia · Islamic worldSons such as Barkiyaruq, Muhammad Tapar, and Ahmad Sanjar fought prolonged civil wars, while local governors and tribal chiefs declared independence, splitting the Great Seljuk Empire into a pattern of multiple nominal sultanates coexisting.