Sultanate of Rum in the Mongol Era (1240s)

Timeline

1. 1241–1244Köse Dağ · Erzurum ProvinceAfter the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, Sultan Kaykaus II submitted and paid tribute to the Mongol Ilkhanid court; the Sultanate of Rum lost the capacity for independent military action, while eastern and central Anatolia fell under Mongol governors and local beylik fragmentation.
2. 1246Konya · AnatoliaKaykaus II was assassinated in Konya in 1246, marking the collapse of the Sultanate of Rum's central authority; his sons and nobles plunged into civil war over the throne, while beylik lords in western Asia Minor rapidly grew in power.
3. 1246–1250Anatolia · AnatoliaMembers of the royal family such as Kayqubad II and Kilij Arslan IV repeatedly contested the sultanate title under Mongol arbitration; Anatolia split into multiple beyliks, creating the political vacuum that enabled the Ottoman rise at the end of the 13th century.