Military Systems of the Mongol Successor Khanates

Type Object Region Eurasian Steppe Time c. 1260–1500

After the Mongol Empire split, successor states such as the Golden Horde, Chagatai, and Timur still used steppe military traditions centered on decim…

Timeline

c. 1260–1350territories of the Mongol successor khanates · Eurasian SteppeAfter the empire split, each khanate retained the thousand-hundred-ten decimal military system, lightly equipped horse archers, and logistical camel caravans, continuing Genghis Khan-era institutions in frontier garrisoning, tribute collection, and tribal mobilization.
1401–1405Samarkand and the Anatolia-Syria theater · UzbekistanTimur conducted successive eastern campaigns from 1401 to 1405, combining steppe cavalry with Persian-style infantry and siege artillery; battles such as the Battle of Ankara against the Ottomans reflected the high mobility and combined use of firearms characteristic of successor khanate militaries.
1406–1410lower Volga and Transoxiana · TransoxianaAfter Timur's death the empire split; remnants of the Golden Horde khaganate, the Nogais, and Crimean powers contended along the Volga; in 1409 Ulugh Beg took control of Samarkand, still maintaining military order in Transoxiana with traditional cavalry at its core.

Sources

The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age — Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank, Peter B. Golden (eds.) (2009)
War in the Fifteenth Century — Matthew Strickland (ed.) (2011)