Isfahan

Timeline

1. 1051–1092Isfahan · IranTughril Beg moved the capital to Isfahan in 1051, and Malik Shah I further expanded the city during his reign. The famous Friday Mosque (Jameh Mosque) underwent large-scale renovation; the royal district and bureaucratic apparatus were concentrated here, and the city became a key node connecting Persian Gulf trade with Central Asian trade routes.
2. 1092–1105Isfahan · IranAfter Malik Shah's death, Isfahan became the focus of contention among rival sultans, suffering multiple sieges and changes of power. Nevertheless, its status as an economic and cultural center was not fundamentally shaken; markets, handicrafts, and scholarly institutions continued to operate, attracting merchants, scholars, and craftsmen from various places.
3. 1101–1110Isfahan · IranAfter Muhammad I Tapar established his position as Great Sultan in 1105, Isfahan once again became the seat of the Great Seljuk central government. Between 1101 and 1110, the court, the vizier's office, and envoys of provincial governors converged here; the city's function as an administrative hub was restored, while it continued to develop silk, metalworking, and book trade.
4. 1101–1110Isfahan · IranBetween 1101 and 1110, as the Seljuk cultural capital, Isfahan gathered Persian poets, jurists, and astronomers. The madrasa system founded by Nizam al-Mulk continued its influence here; the city's mosques and libraries became centers of knowledge dissemination, interacting with the Persian poetic tradition and Islamic jurisprudence.