Copernicus's early heliocentric research (1501–1510)

Timeline

1. 1501–1503Bologna · Emilia-RomagnaCopernicus studied canon law and classical astronomy at the University of Bologna, encountering the Ptolemaic system and the Arabic astronomical tradition, beginning to question contradictions in the geocentric model and accumulating observational experience.
2. 1503–1506Rome · LazioCopernicus took part in humanist circle discussions in Rome, then went to Padua to study medicine and Greek, reading further classical and natural philosophy works and deepening his independent thinking about the structure of the universe.
3. 1506–1510Frombork · PolandReturning to Poland to hold an ecclesiastical post, Copernicus continued astronomical observation and calculation at Frombork, gradually forming a cosmological model centered on a stationary sun and a moving Earth, and wrote early manuscripts circulated among a few colleagues.