Expansion of the Anatolian Beyliks

Timeline

1. 1281Konya · TurkeyThe Sultanate of Rum existed in name only under Mongol suzerainty; the Konya court's control over Anatolia's interior and coast weakened markedly, leaving a power vacuum for local beyliks to fill.
2. 1282–1284Southwestern and central Anatolia · AnatoliaBeyliks such as Karaman, Aydın, Menteşe, and Saruhan advanced from their traditional domains toward neighboring Seljuk and Byzantine frontiers, seizing trade routes, fortresses, and agricultural zones to form a multi-centered fragmentation.
3. 1285Anatolia · AnatoliaThe Ilkhanate maintained nominal suzerainty over Rum through investiture and tribute but had limited actual control over the beyliks; local Turkic military leaders gradually established autonomous paths of expansion outside the Mongol-Seljuk framework.