Abd al-Rahman III proclaims himself caliph

Timeline

1. c. 920–928Al-Andalus · Al-AndalusThe decline of the Abbasid caliphate and the rise of the Fatimids in North Africa left the Emirate of Cordoba facing a vacuum in suzerainty and religious competition. After suppressing internal rebellions, Abd al-Rahman III had both the strength and the motive to proclaim himself caliph.
2. c. 929Cordoba · AndalusiaAbd al-Rahman III formally declared himself caliph of all Muslims at Cordoba, changing the state's title to the Caliphate of Cordoba and rivaling Abbasid Baghdad and the Fatimids of North Africa in religious authority.
3. c. 929–950Southern Iberian Peninsula · Al-AndalusAfter proclaiming himself caliph, Abd al-Rahman III used supreme religious authority to unite the factions of Al-Andalus, then built Madinat al-Zahra and intervened in North African affairs; the Caliphate of Cordoba entered its golden age.