End of the Third English Civil War (1651)

Timeline

1. 1650Scottish Lowlands, Dunbar · East LothianWith the Scottish Covenanters making peace with Charles II, Cromwell led the New Model Army across the Anglo-Scottish border in July 1650, defeating the Covenanter army at Dunbar on 3 September with inferior numbers (about 10,000 captured or killed), thereby gaining control of the Scottish Lowlands and laying the groundwork for further strikes against Charles II.
2. 1651Scotland to England · EnglandAfter being crowned King of Scotland at Scone Palace on 1 January 1651, Charles II assembled an army of about 16,000. Cromwell made a surprise crossing of the Firth of Forth, cutting off the Scottish army's line of retreat and forcing Charles II to lead his forces south into England in August 1651 to spark a Royalist uprising. However, the English Royalists responded only faintly, leaving the Scottish army isolated deep in enemy territory.
3. 1651Worcester, England · WorcestershireCromwell surrounded and destroyed Charles II's Royalist Scottish army of about 16,000 with roughly 30,000 troops; about 2,000 Royalists were killed and over 10,000 captured. Charles II fled. The battle formally ended the Third English Civil War and was the final engagement of the entire English Civil Wars series (1639–1651).
4. 1651–1652Scotland and England · British IslesAfter the civil war, the Commonwealth of England placed Scotland under military occupation and dissolved the Scottish Parliament. In 1652, the English Parliament passed an act formally incorporating Scotland into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland; Scotland gained some representation but lost its independent status. The Commonwealth then entered the Cromwellian Protectorate (1653–1658), ultimately ending with the Restoration in 1660.