Johan van Oldenbarnevelt

Timeline

1. 1547–1586Amersfoort · UtrechtBorn in the Utrecht region, he studied law and practiced in The Hague and elsewhere, gradually entering provincial and federal political circles of the Republic, where he distinguished himself through eloquence and administrative ability.
2. 1586–1600The Hague · Dutch RepublicServing as Grand Pensionary of Holland, he coordinated provincial finances and the war against Spain, supported Maurice's military reforms, and promoted the East India Company charter and overseas trade expansion, making him the de facto political core of the Republic in the 1590s.
3. 1601–1619The Hague · Dutch RepublicHe led the Twelve Years' Truce negotiations with Spain in 1609, but later clashed fiercely with Maurice over Arminian and war policies, and was beheaded in 1618–1619 after trial by a special court.