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John Balliol's Renewed Submission (1302)
In 1302, John Balliol, the former King of Scotland living in exile in France, after Pope Boniface VIII's mediation over the Scottish succession faile…
Timeline
- 1302Rome (Papal Court) · RomePope Boniface VIII attempted to restore Balliol to the Scottish throne and condemn Edward I's conquest of Scotland, but Edward I flatly rejected the papal ruling and questioned papal authority. Mediation reached a deadlock, and Balliol's hopes of restoration were dashed.
- 1302Pontefract · NormandyAt Pontefract, his place of exile in Normandy, Balliol wrote to Edward I, once again swearing allegiance and formally renouncing all rights to the Scottish crown. He acknowledged that the nominal title he had retained since his abdication in 1296 was invalid, and requested Edward guarantee his personal safety and property.
- 1302Westminster · LondonEdward I published Balliol's act of submission at the court of Westminster, declaring the Scottish throne permanently vacant and England's supreme overlordship over Scotland. This weakened the legal basis for resistance carried out in Balliol's name.
Sources
- G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland — G. W. S. Barrow (2005)
- Michael Prestwich, Edward I — Michael Prestwich (1997)