Andean Highland City-States

Timeline

1. 1007–1008Chicha Pampa plateau · Oruro DepartmentAfter Tiwanaku's collapse, Aymara-speaking chiefdoms such as Lupaqa established regional rule at places like Chicha Pampa, controlling terrace agriculture, llama herds, and salt lake resources, forming independent political-religious centers.
2. 1009–1010Colla territory · Potosí DepartmentChiefdoms such as Colla and Pacajes competed with Lupaqa for lakeside trade routes and pastures, sometimes allying and sometimes warring. This fragmented pattern persisted until the rise of the Inca Empire in the 15th century, an important transitional phase of Andean political reorganization.