Jin Dynasty Meng'an Mouke System

Timeline

1. 1115–1125Shangjing Huining Prefecture · Jin dynastyAfter founding the state, Jin founder Aguda organized the Jurchen tribes into meng'an and mouke, farming and hunting in peacetime and going to war in wartime; each meng'an had a head called 'meng'an bojin' and each mouke a 'mouke bojin,' forming the grassroots framework of Jin rule.
2. c. 1130–1180Zhongdu (present-day Beijing) · North ChinaAfter destroying Liao and defeating Song, the Jin moved meng'an mouke military households south into North China for agricultural colonies and border defense, living interspersed with Han people, forming a dual social structure of 'meng'an mouke households' and 'Han households,' with meng'an mouke enjoying political privileges and military service obligations.
3. 1201–1210Northern frontier of the Jin dynasty · Northeast CircuitAfter the Mongol rise, the Jin strengthened northern border defenses and frequently mobilized meng'an mouke for campaigns; Han military households degenerated and Jurchen homeland manpower was exhausted, making it difficult for the meng'an mouke system to maintain its former combat effectiveness; border pressure surged around the accession of Emperor Shaozong of Jin.
4. c. 1211–1234Cai Prefecture · Late Jin dynastyThe Mongol-Jin war lasted over twenty years; meng'an mouke military households suffered heavy casualties or fled, the colony system collapsed, and the Jin was forced to rely on conscripted Han troops and militia; in 1234 Cai Prefecture fell and Jin perished, ending the meng'an mouke system along with the dynasty.