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Restoration of Charles II
In 1660 England ended eleven years of republic and Protectorate rule (the "Interregnum"), and the Stuart monarchy was restored under Charles II.
Timeline
- 1660Breda (Netherlands) and Westminster · Western EuropeCharles II, in exile in the Netherlands, issued the Declaration of Breda on 4 April 1660, promising a general pardon for participants in the civil war, religious toleration, and payment of army arrears in exchange for support for the Restoration. General Monck (George Monck) marched the New Model Army back, prompting Parliament to accept the declaration. On 8 May the Long Parliament declared Charles II the lawful king of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- 1660London · EnglandOn 29 May 1660 (Charles II's 30th birthday), the king entered London amid universal acclamation, formally restoring the English monarchy; the day was later designated "Oak Apple Day." After the Restoration Charles II disbanded the New Model Army, restored the established church (Anglicanism), and passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, excluding regicides. The Restoration government promptly advanced mercantilist policies (the Navigation Acts) and supported the Royal Society, ushering Britain into a new political and cultural phase.
Sources
- The Declaration of Breda (1660) — 查理二世 (1660)
- The Restoration: England in the 1660s — Tim Harris (2005)
- Stuart England — J. P. Kenyon (1985)