Ming Military Intervention in Jiaozhi

Timeline

1. 1414Shengping Prefecture, seat of the Jiaozhi Provincial Administration Commission · VietnamThe Yongle Emperor ordered Duke of Ying Zhang Fu and others to command forces in Jiaozhi, establishing a military-administrative hub at Shengping Prefecture (the former Dai Viet capital Thăng Long), rotating Ming troops from Guangxi and Yunnan, and implementing Ming institutions such as the lijia system and corvée to bring Jiaozhi under direct rule.
2. 1414Mountainous areas of Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An, Jiaozhi · VietnamMing forces attacked in several directions against former Annam troops and local strongmen still resisting in the mountainous terrain of Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An, capturing leaders and burning stockades. Though repeatedly victorious, the operations failed to eradicate popular resentment, as local gentry and peasants grew increasingly dissatisfied with harsh rule and military-agricultural colonies.
3. 1414Guard units throughout Jiaozhi · VietnamThe Ming added guard units in Jiaozhi, promoted military and civilian agricultural colonies, and sent settlers from the interior to populate the frontier. The military intervention and administrative overhaul of 1414 was a key year for the Ming court's direct rule over Annam, but heavy taxes and corvée intensified social tensions.