Scholasticism

Timeline

1. c. 1100–1200Paris · FranceIn the 12th century, the school of Notre-Dame in Paris and emerging universities developed a tradition of disputation; figures like Peter Abelard applied logical methods to theological questions, establishing the basic paradigm of scholastic philosophy.
2. c. 1220–1230University of Paris · University of ParisIn the 1220s, Aristotelian philosophical texts, translated via Arabic scholars, were widely taught at the University of Paris, prompting church authorities to examine and regulate the boundaries of rational theology; scholastic disputation entered a new phase.
3. c. 1230–1275Paris and Oxford · University of OxfordMasters such as Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure constructed complete scholastic theological systems, fusing Aristotelian metaphysics with Christian doctrine; scholasticism reached its zenith.
4. c. 1275–1350European universities · Western EuropeDuns Scotus, Ockham, and others questioned scholastic theories of universals and church authority; nominalism rose, and scholasticism gradually gave way to early modern humanist and scientific currents.