Mongol Ulus Appanage System

Timeline

1. 1227Mongolian Plateau · Mongolian PlateauOn the eve of his death, Genghis Khan established the appanage principles for his sons: the eldest received the east, the second the south, the third the west, and the youngest inherited the khanate and central lands, forming the basic framework of the ulus appanage system.
2. 1228–1229Mongol Empire · Eurasian SteppeDuring Tolui's regency, princes such as Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei each returned to or consolidated their appanage ulus, managing the tribes and taxation of their territories through the thousand- and ten-thousand-household system.
3. 1229–1230Karakorum · Orkhon ValleyÖgedei ascended as Great Khan in 1229, confirming the ulus appanage framework: the Great Khan directly ruled the central ulus, while brothers and nephews retained their own appanages, forming a power structure of overlordship coexisting with appanages.