Frederick I's Imperial Coronation in Rome

Timeline

1. 1155Outside the walls of Rome · RomeAfter completing his coronation at Pavia, Frederick I led imperial forces further south, approaching Rome. The Roman commune was wary of the emperor's entry, and latent differences over civic rights and taxation already existed between the two sides.
2. 1155Rome (Basilica of St. Peter) · RomePope Adrian IV held the Holy Roman Emperor coronation ceremony for Frederick I at the Basilica of St. Peter, completing his religious confirmation from King of Italy to Emperor, marking the peak moment of the papacy-imperial alliance.
3. 1155Rome · RomeAfter the coronation ceremony, Frederick and the Roman commune clashed fiercely over issues such as the ownership of civic rights and the collection of taxes. The emperor's troops and Roman citizens came to armed standoff, and Frederick was ultimately forced to withdraw from Rome, publicly exposing the contradictions between the empire and the Italian city communes.