1490s Crimean Khanate Raids and Moscow Alliance Operations

Timeline

1. 1491–1492Bakhchysarai · BakhchysaraiIvan III and Mengli Giray maintained their alliance through envoys, tribute (pominki), and military cooperation; in 1491-1492 the khan repeatedly wrote requesting falcons and arms, and since both shared interests against the Great Horde and Lithuania, Crimea generally did not raid Moscow's heartland in the 1490s.
2. 1492–1493Kyiv-Volhynia-Podolia · UkraineFrom 1492 to 1494 Moscow and the Crimean Khanate allied again; in 1493 Mengli Giray and Ivan III jointly attacked Kyiv and the Kyiv region, plundering church valuables and sending the spoils to Moscow. Such raids weakened Lithuanian control of the Rus' frontier and paved the way for the 1494 peace treaty.
3. 1495–1499Poland-Moldavia frontier · UkraineCrimea and the Nogai alliance continued raiding towns and villages along the Polish-Lithuanian frontier by traditional raid routes, carrying off captives; after Ottoman returning forces were struck by Stephen the Great in 1498-1499, some raiding became entangled with the Moldavia-Poland conflict, showing the khanate's ability to act independently amid multi-sided diplomacy.