Maritime spice route

Timeline

1. 101–1001South Indian ports–Red Sea · KeralaRoman and later Persian and Arab merchants carried pepper and other spices from South India and Southeast Asia by sea to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, forming an early prototype of Indian Ocean spice circulation.
2. 1300–1400Calicut–Aden–Suez · MalabarBy the late 14th century the spice route had Calicut, Gujarat, and Aden as its nodes; Muslim merchants and dhow fleets monopolized the transshipment of pepper and cloves, entering Mediterranean and Middle Eastern markets via the Red Sea.
3. 1498Cape of Good Hope route · Cape of Good HopePortugal and later European powers opened the route around Africa, shifting the spice trade's center to European ports and diminishing the status of the traditional Indian Ocean monsoon network, though regional maritime trade continued.