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Frederick II

Type Figure Region Holy Roman Empire Time 1194–1250 Also known as Frederick II、Frederick II of Hohenstaufen、Stupor Mundi

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1194–1250), Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, was famed as 'Stupor Mundi'.

Timeline

  1. 1194–1220Palermo · SicilyEducated in the multicultural Sicilian court, formally crowned King of Sicily in 1212, and gradually established control over southern Italy.
  2. 1220–1230Rome · LazioCrowned emperor in Rome in 1220; in the 1220s clashed fiercely with Pope Honorius III and Gregory IX over Italian policy, crusading obligations, and the relation of imperial to papal authority, and was excommunicated several times.
  3. 1228–1229Jerusalem · PalestineDeparted on the Sixth Crusade in 1228; through diplomatic negotiation he concluded peace with the Egyptian sultan al-Kamil in 1229, briefly recovering Jerusalem and being crowned King of Jerusalem.
  4. 1230–1250Sicily · SicilyAfter the 1230s he refocused on Sicily, advancing legal and cultural projects such as the Liber Augustalis, while conflicts with the papacy and Italian city communes continued into his late period.

Sources