Timur's Persian Campaigns (1390s)

Timeline

1. 1392Persian Kurdistan · KurdistanAfter quelling threats on the northern steppe, Timur launched a five-year western campaign in 1392, first attacking Persian Kurdistan to clear local breakaway powers and open a path into the Iranian heartland.
2. 1393Shiraz · FarsTimur advanced into Fars; Shah Mansur led the Muzaffarid army in resistance but was defeated and beheaded outside Shiraz. His son Shahrukh participated in this battle; the Muzaffarid dynasty perished and southern Persia's gateway lay open.
3. 1393Baghdad · MesopotamiaTimur made an eight-day forced march from Shiraz to Baghdad; Jalairid sultan Ahmad fled to Mamluk Syria. Timur occupied Baghdad, demanded a ransom, carried off artisans and scholars, and appointed a Sabzawari prince as governor.
4. 1393–1394Tabriz · AzerbaijanTimur completed the conquest of western Persia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, bringing major cities such as Tabriz into the empire; the five-year western campaign was essentially complete, laying a rear base for subsequent Caucasus and Indian expeditions.