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Song Gunpowder Formula System

Type Object Region China Time c. 900

In the Song dynasty, based on alchemical and pyrotechnic experiments, a gunpowder formula system with controllable ratios of saltpeter, sulfur, and c…

Timeline

  1. c. 850–960Central Plains, Tang dynasty · Central PlainsTang dynasty alchemical texts already recorded the burning of mixtures of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, providing a precursor experimental basis for the Song dynasty formula system.
  2. c. 1040–1127Kaifeng, Northern Song · KaifengZeng Gongliang and others compiled the Wujing Zongyao, systematically recording the proportions of various gunpowder formulas and the use of tube-shaped firearms such as fire lances and fire arrows, marking the entry of the formula system into officially compiled military treatises.
  3. 1221–1230Jianghuai defense line, Southern Song · JianghuaiFacing Mongol military pressure, Southern Song craftsmen increased the saltpeter proportion and improved powder loading and fuses; gunpowder formulas were field-tested and iterated in city defense and field firearms.

Sources