Song-Liao relations after the Treaty of Chanyuan (1010s)

Timeline

1. 1011–1015Kaifeng (Northern Song capital) · HenanThe 'brother states' status and annual tribute terms established by the Treaty of Chanyuan continued to be carried out in the 1010s. Northern Song delivered silk and silver to Liao on schedule, while the Liao court treated them courteously and sent reciprocal envoys. Both sides maintained the treaty through documents and envoy exchanges, avoiding renewed large-scale war.
2. 1016–1020Xiongzhou-Waqiao Pass mutual market · North ChinaSong and Liao established market towns and mutual trade on the border, with private and official trade running in parallel. Envoys carried state letters, gifts and intelligence; ritual disputes occurred from time to time but were generally manageable. Frontier commanders were ordered to restrain conflict and maintain a state of 'peaceful coexistence'.