Charles I

Timeline

1. 1625–1629London · EnglandIn 1625 he succeeded James I and clashed repeatedly with Parliament over war funding and the Petition of Right; in 1629 he dissolved Parliament and arrested several members, setting the stage for over a decade of personal rule.
2. 1629–1640Whitehall · LondonIn the 1630s Charles I sustained his government through Star Chamber, customs duties, and crown lands revenue, relying on Strafford and Laud to reform Ireland and the Church of England respectively. His imposition of uniform worship and oppressive taxation provoked the Scottish National Covenant; after defeat in the Bishops' Wars of 1639–1640 he was forced to recall Parliament.
3. 1642–1649London · EnglandAfter the English Civil War broke out in 1642, Charles I was defeated and captured; in 1649, after trial by the High Court of Justice, he was beheaded at the scaffold outside Whitehall, becoming the only English king publicly executed.