Red Turban Rebel Alliance

Timeline

1. 1351Yingzhou · AnhuiHan Shantong and Liu Futong launched an uprising at Yingzhou, Xu Shuihui rose at Qishui, and Guo Zixing responded at Haozhou; the red turban emblem and White Lotus organizational network rapidly integrated scattered local revolts into a nationwide anti-Yuan wave.
2. 1351–1360Qishui · HubeiXu Shuihui founded the Tianwan state at Qishui, while Liu Futong enthroned Han Lin'er as emperor and established the Song regime at Bozhou; though the various Red Turban factions shared the anti-Yuan goal, their decrees were inconsistent and they attacked one another, forming a pattern of rival, separatist alliances.
3. 1352–1360Haozhou · AnhuiGuo Zixing's forces occupied Haozhou and Red Turban power penetrated deep into Jianghuai; the Yuan court ordered Chaghan Temür and others to lead armies in suppression, and the seesaw conflict caused realignment of power within the alliance, creating conditions for the rise of later military groups such as Zhu Yuanzhang's.