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Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (Duke of Alba)

Type Figure Region Spain Time 1507–1582 Also known as Duke of Alba、Fernando Álvarez de Toledo、阿尔瓦公爵

A renowned Habsburg Spanish general, third Duke of Alba. Appointed governor of the Netherlands by Philip II in 1567, his bloody repression and inquis…

Timeline

  1. 1567–1570Brussels · BrusselsOrdered to restore order in the Netherlands, he established the Council of Troubles to try suspects of heresy and rebellion, levied the tithe tax, and suppressed Calvinist and noble opposition with an iron hand, provoking mass emigration and armed resistance.
  2. 1571–1573Southern Netherlands · AntwerpBetween 1571 and 1573 he commanded Spanish forces in sieges and recoveries of rebellious cities; though victorious on some battlefields, fiscal exhaustion and overextended lines made repression unsustainable, and he finally resigned and returned home in 1573.

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