Treaty of Zuhab (Qasr-e Shirin)

Timeline

1. 1638–1639Baghdad · BaghdadAfter Ottoman forces took Baghdad on November 25, 1638, Murad IV consolidated defenses along the two rivers, and the Safavids were unable to organize a large-scale counterattack. The two sides made contact along the Zagros foreland, preparing to fix the new balance of power in a written treaty and avoid another war of attrition like the previous fifteen years.
2. 1639Qasr-e Shirin · KermanshahOttoman and Safavid representatives signed a peace at Qasr-e Shirin. Its terms confirmed Mesopotamia (including the Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra region) to the Ottomans; eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Dagestan remained Safavid; western Armenia and most of western Georgia went to the Ottomans. The text is regarded as a reaffirmation and elaboration of the 1555 Treaty of Amasya.
3. 1639Ottoman-Safavid border zone · Western AsiaThe treaty ended nearly a century of intermittent Ottoman-Safavid wars and made Baghdad the core of Ottoman Iraq. Nineteenth-century and later boundary surveys repeatedly cited it, and its course roughly corresponds to the later land border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire (and later Iraq and Turkey). Some provisions were vague, so border friction continued, but large-scale rivalry came to an end.