Edward I's Invasion of Scotland

Timeline

1. 1296Berwick · BerwickshireCiting Scotland's alliance with France and defiance of his overlordship, Edward I marched north with some 25,000–30,000 troops. The English besieged Berwick, and the city's fall brought a large-scale massacre and plunder that shocked Scottish politics.
2. 1296Dunbar · East LothianThe English pushed north and defeated the Scottish army at Dunbar. The battle destroyed Scotland's regular resistance, and many nobles surrendered at castles such as Hermitage, paving the way for full occupation.
3. 1296Scone · Perth and KinrossEdward I advanced into the Scottish heartland, seized the Stone of Scone, forced John Balliol to abdicate, and established direct English rule. The conquest was complete in both military and symbolic terms, though popular resistance survived.