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Vassal structure in Anatolia under Mongol suzerainty
Around 1289 Ilkhan Arghun consolidated suzerainty over Anatolia, with the Sultanate of Rum nominally supreme vassal and Turkic beyliks and Cilician A…
Timeline
- 1289Tabriz · IranArghun (r. 1284-1291) continued the policy of indirect rule over Anatolia, maintaining suzerainty through resident officials and military deterrence while allowing local beyliks limited autonomy to stabilize tax revenue and manpower.
- 1289–1290Konya · TurkeyThe Sultanate of Rum maintained nominal supreme status under Mongol investiture; the sultan owed tribute to the Ilkhan and cooperated with military operations, but in practice could no longer govern the beyliks, with vassal status coexisting with declining power.
- 1290All of Anatolia · AnatoliaBeyliks such as Karaman, Aydın, Saruhan, and Osman, along with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, operated within the dual Mongol-Seljuk framework; tribute and military obligations varied by power, and actual autonomy far exceeded nominal vassal rank.
Sources
- The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion — Peter Jackson (2017)
- Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History, c. 1071–1330 — Claude Cahen (1968)