Investiture Controversy of Henry IV (1085)

Timeline

1. 1084Rome · LazioIn 1084 Henry IV re-entered Rome with his army, enthroned Clement III as pope, and drove Gregory VII out of the city. This marked the escalation of the Investiture Controversy from the stalemate after the Canossa reconciliation into an open schism in the Church.
2. 1085Mainz · Rhineland-PalatinateIn 1085 Henry IV continued appointing bishops himself in Germany and resisted Pope Victor III's demands; the princes wavered between imperial and papal power, and the political costs of the Investiture Controversy continued to ferment within the empire.
3. 1085–1086Salerno · CampaniaGregory VII died in exile in 1085; under Pope Victor III the Curia sought limited reconciliation with Henry IV, but the core dispute over episcopal appointments remained unresolved.