Second Bishops' War

Timeline

1. 1640Tweed River · British IslesA Covenanter army of over 20,000 under Alexander Leslie crossed the Tweed River into Northumberland, England; local English defences were extremely weak and unable to resist.
2. 1640Newburn · Newcastle upon TyneScottish forces forced a crossing of the River Tyne at Newburn; the English garrison quickly collapsed under artillery fire, suffering heavy casualties. This was a rare defeat for English forces on home soil, and Newcastle promptly fell into Scottish hands.
3. 1640Ripon · YorkshireCharles I was forced to sign the Treaty of Ripon with the Scottish Covenanters, agreeing to pay the Scottish army occupying northern England £850 per day until formal peace negotiations concluded. This heavy financial burden compelled Charles I to recall Parliament to raise funds, paving the way for the opening of the Long Parliament.