European Handgonne Matchlock-less Touchhole Gun

Timeline

1. 1431–1433Ghent · FlandersIn the early 1430s, the armies and militias of Flemish and Brabantine city-states began equipping handgonnes for city defense and auxiliary field fire; fired via a touchhole with single-shot loading, with limited range and accuracy but strong psychological deterrent effect.
2. 1434–1437Nuremberg · BavariaHandgonne manufacturing techniques spread to southern Germany and Iberia via trade routes and mercenary movement; metal craftsmen in cities such as Nuremberg began imitating and improving barrel and chamber structures, promoting standardized production.
3. 1438–1440Western Europe · Western EuropeBy around 1440, the armies of several Western European states assigned handgonne shooters in siege and defensive operations, mixed with crossbowmen and longbowmen; firearms remained auxiliary weapons, but the trend toward infantry firearm adoption was established.