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Jalal al-Din Mingburnu

Type Figure Region Khwarazm Time 1199–1231 Also known as Jalal al-Din Mingburnu Khwarazmshah

Son of Khwarazmshah Muhammad and the last Khwarazmian ruler. After the 1219 Mongol conquests he led remnant forces in a wandering resistance, was def…

Timeline

  1. 1199–1218Samarkand · KhwarazmAs a son of Shah Muhammad he grew up in Transoxiana, participating in early campaigns against neighboring powers and gradually building military reputation.
  2. 1219–1221Khorasan · KhorasanAfter his father's defeat and death in the 1219 Mongol invasion, he led 70,000 remnant troops in guerrilla resistance across Khorasan, Sindh, and elsewhere, repeatedly frustrating pursuers and becoming one of the most tenacious opponents of the Mongol conquests.
  3. 1221Indus River (near present-day Attock) · SindhIn 1221 he fought a decisive battle against Genghis Khan's main force at the Indus; after defeat he swam across to escape, and organized Khwarazmian resistance essentially collapsed, forcing him into long-term exile.
  4. 1221–1231Anatolia · AnatoliaAfter the Indus he wandered through Iran and the Caucasus, continuing to raid Mongol vassal states in the 1220s; in 1231 he was killed by local powers in Anatolia, and Central Asia's banner of resistance to the Mongols was extinguished.

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