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End of the Crusader States in the 1320s
After Acre fell in 1291 and Ruad in 1302, the 1320s saw the Lusignan dynasty in Cyprus keep the Jerusalem title while the Latin East settled into res…
Timeline
- 1291–1302Coast of the Levant · LevantThe fall of Acre in 1291 ended the Kingdom of Jerusalem's land presence in the Levant; between 1291 and 1302, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, and finally the last stronghold of Ruad Island fell in succession. After the Mamluks captured Ruad in 1302, the crusaders had no territorial foothold left in the Levant, and the crusader states were declared ended as a geographic entity.
- 1321–1324Cyprus · CyprusIn the 1320s Henry II maintained the title King of Jerusalem in Cyprus but was unable to organize a large-scale expedition to recover the Holy Land. After Charles IV of France acceded in 1322, crusade plans were again shelved; that same year Pope John XXII asked the Ilkhan to intervene in Cilicia, which likewise failed to change the Levant's balance of power. The popular crusade movements of 1320 and 1324 both failed to be directed at the Middle East.
- 1325–1330Residual strongholds of the Latin East · MediterraneanBy 1330 the crusader states had transformed into scattered Latin remnants: Cyprus carried the Jerusalem legal tradition, the Knights Hospitaller on Rhodes became the core of Aegean defense, and Cilician Armenia survived under Ilkhanid and Turkish pressure. Crusading ideals shifted to the Baltic, Iberia, and later the Smyrna expedition; recovery of the Levant was no longer a viable option for European politics in the 1320s.
Sources
- Crusader states https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_state