Persian Windmill

Type Object Region Persia Time 1031–1040

Horizontal-axis windmills (panemone type) used in Persia and Central Asia, with upright sails rotating on a vertical axis to drive mills and lift wat…

Timeline

1031–1035Nishapur · KhwarazmSettlements in eastern Khwarazm harnessed seasonal strong winds with multi-sail vertical-axis windmills driving stone mills to process grain; the wooden-frame structure had adjustable sail angles to adapt to changing wind directions.
1036–1040Sistan · SistanArid, windy regions such as Sistan coupled horizontal-axis windmills with water-lifting mechanisms, using wind power to raise well or canal water for field irrigation, forming a complementary power scheme with qanat irrigation systems.

Sources

Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume II — R. J. Forbes (1965)
Windmills and Wind Motors: How to Build Them — F. E. Powell (1910) https://archive.org/details/windmillswindmot00powe