Byzantine icon painting

Timeline

1. 843Constantinople · ByzantineAfter the victory of the second Iconoclasm controversy, icons re-entered church liturgy, and Byzantine iconography established norms such as frontal depiction of sacred figures, gold backgrounds, and symbolic proportions.
2. 1261–1453Constantinople · ByzantineLate imperial icon painting in frescoes and panel works featured softer figure modeling and narrative compositions while maintaining orthodox theological image norms, influencing Slavic and Italian art.
3. 1461–1470Crete · CreteAfter the fall of Constantinople, icon workshops in Venetian Crete became the center of Orthodox image production; works of the 1460s blended Byzantine canons with late Gothic influences and were marketed to the Balkans and Italy.
4. 1500–1700Crete · CreteCretan school icon painters such as Damaskinos carried the Byzantine tradition into the modern era; their works were exported to Venice, Moscow, and elsewhere, laying the foundation for post-Byzantine and Orthodox icon aesthetics that persist to this day.