Endgame of the Thirty Years' War

Timeline

1. 1641–1643Bavaria · BavariaAfter 1641 Swedish forces continued pushing into southern Germany; the 1642 Battle of Breitenfeld again devastated the Imperial army. In 1643 France declared war on Spain, and the conflict expanded from a religious-imperial struggle into a full-scale contest among Europe's great powers.
2. 1644–1645Within Germany · GermanyIn 1645 Swedish forces defeated the Imperial-Bavarian allied army at Jüterbog, while French forces also won victories at Nördlingen and elsewhere; the Habsburgs' military advantage in Germany completely collapsed, and all parties began serious negotiations.
3. 1646–1648Westphalia · WestphaliaFrom 1646 the parties held peace talks in Münster and Osnabrück; in October 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was signed, confirming state sovereignty, religious tolerance, and territorial changes, and formally ending the Thirty Years' War.