Champa

Timeline

1. c. 900–1127Champa · VietnamThe Champa kingdom adhered to Hinduism and Buddhism, building temple towers such as those at Mỹ Sơn. It maintained tributary relations with the Northern and Southern Song, sending ivory, agarwood, and Champa rice seed to the Song court in exchange for silk, porcelain, and copper coins, making it an important node in the South China Sea trade network.
2. 1231–1240Champa · VietnamIn the 1230s and 1240s, tributary and trade relations between the Southern Song and Champa continued; Champa envoys still traveled to Lin'an to present tribute, and merchant ships sailed between Quanzhou and Guangzhou. At this time the Mongols were fully engaged in destroying the Jin (which fell in 1234) and consolidating the north, posing no direct threat to Champa. Only after the Mongols conquered Dali in the 1250s and twice attacked Annam did Champa face security pressure from the north.
3. 1283–1471Champa · VietnamIn 1283 Kublai Khan sent Sohutu (Sogatu) with a naval force against Champa, briefly occupying the Vijaya area, while the Champa king withdrew into the mountains; in 1285 Sohutu was killed in action on the Annam front, and the Yuan forces failed to secure their occupation. In 1471 Lê Thánh Tông captured Vijaya, the north was annexed to Đại Việt, and the remnants withdrew to Panduranga, which was not abolished until 1832.