al-Kamil

Timeline

1. 1190–1216Cairo · EgyptA nephew of Saladin and son of al-Adil, he grew up among the Ayyubid domains in Egypt and Syria, taking part in family military and administrative affairs and gaining experience for later independent rule.
2. 1218–1238Cairo · EgyptAfter succeeding his brother in 1218 he became supreme ruler in Egypt, integrating the Nile Delta and Red Sea trade routes and using fiscal and diplomatic means to sustain military pressure on Syria and the crusader front.
3. 1228–1229Jerusalem · PalestineFacing Frederick II's crusade, he chose negotiation over full-scale battle and in 1229 concluded a treaty that temporarily restored Christian access to parts of Jerusalem and coastal towns in exchange for a ten-year truce, a famous diplomatic case of the crusading era.
4. 1231–1238Damascus · SyriaIn the 1230s his conflicts with his brother al-Isma'il and his nephew al-Salih Ayyub over the Syrian succession and territorial division deepened; although nominal family alliance was maintained, the seeds were sown for Egypt and Syria to split and confront each other after al-Kamil's death.