Islamic legal analogy institutions

Timeline

1. c. 650–661Kufa, Iraq · IraqRapid imperial expansion produced many new questions in land, taxation, marriage, and commerce with no direct scriptural provisions; judges and scholars began using analogical reasoning to fill legal gaps, while consensus confirmed practices generally accepted by the community.
2. 661–690Medina · Arabian PeninsulaDifferent legal traditions formed in Medina, Mecca, Basra, Kufa, and elsewhere; the Medina school emphasized local consensus and practice, while the Iraqi school stressed rational analogy, and scholarly disputes over the scope of ijmāʿ and conditions for qiyās became increasingly systematized.
3. c. 690–700Umayyad scholarly network · West AsiaScholars such as Abu Hanifa and Malik laid the methodological foundations of their respective schools in this period, generally accepting ijmāʿ and qiyās as secondary sources; the core reasoning framework of Sunni jurisprudence was largely in place by the end of the 7th century.