Cicero

Timeline

1. -106–-70Rome · LazioOf equestrian origin, he studied rhetoric and philosophy in Athens, Rhodes, and elsewhere. After returning home he became famous for courtroom speeches, displaying eloquence in famous trials such as the case against Verres, gradually entering the core of senatorial politics as a representative of the republican intellectual elite.
2. -63–-62Rome · LazioAs consul he exposed and thwarted Lucius Sergius Catiline's coup plot, delivered the famous Catiline orations, and had the conspirators executed without formal trial, establishing his political reputation while provoking subsequent legal and constitutional controversy.
3. -58–-49Greece · GreeceAttacked by Clodius and other populares for executing Catiline's followers, he was exiled to Greece. After the Triumvirate collapsed he returned, wavering between Pompey and Caesar, ultimately siding with Pompey on the eve of civil war, and after defeat accepted Caesar's pardon and cooperated briefly.
4. -44–-43Rome · LazioAfter Caesar's assassination he delivered the anti-Antonian orations, prompting the Senate to declare Antony an enemy of the state. Amid the formation of the Second Triumvirate and intensifying political purges, he was forced to flee Rome and was killed by Antony's soldiers near Formiae in Italy in 43 BCE.