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Fragmentation of the Golden Horde (1390s)

Type Event Region Eastern Europe Time 1391–1400

After Timur repeatedly defeated Golden Horde khan Tokhtamysh in the 1390s, Sarai on the lower Volga was sacked and central authority collapsed;…

Timeline

  1. 1391–1395Volga steppe · Volga RiverTimur launched repeated campaigns against the Golden Horde; Tokhtamysh suffered defeat after defeat, the khanate's control over its tribes plummeted, and local warlords began acting on their own.
  2. 1395Sarai · Lower VolgaTimur's army sacked the Golden Horde capital Sarai, severely damaging the city; the khanate court was forced to move south, losing its symbolic capital status and accelerating the fragmentation process.
  3. 1396–1400Golden Horde territories · SteppePowerful figures like Edigu manipulated succession to the throne; the White Horde, Blue Horde, and Crimea each installed their own khans, leaving the Golden Horde nominal only and entering long-term division.

Sources