Babur

Timeline

1. 1483–1500Andijan · Fergana BasinBabur inherited Fergana at the age of eleven and repeatedly contested Samarkand and surrounding cities with his uncles and cousins amid the rivalry among Timurid princes, enduring repeated cycles of gain and loss.
2. 1501–1504Samarkand · TransoxianaAround 1501 Babur briefly retook Samarkand but was soon defeated by the Uzbek leader Shaybani Khan and forced to flee southward. During this period he moved between Transoxiana and the Hindu Kush to survive, accumulating military experience and beginning his memoirs.
3. 1504–1510Kabul · Kabul regionAfter capturing Kabul in 1504, Babur used it as a base to reorganize his army, develop gardens and court culture, and repeatedly attempted, unsuccessfully, to recover Samarkand to the north. Between 1505 and 1510 he consolidated his rule over eastern Afghanistan, laying the logistical and manpower foundation for his later conquest of India.
4. 1519–1530Agra · Uttar PradeshFrom 1519 Babur repeatedly invaded northern India; in late 1526 he defeated Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at Bagra, then consolidated victory at Panipat and Khanwa, founding the Mughal Empire. In his later years he settled at Agra and promoted Persianized court culture.