Capital of the Singhasari Kingdom

Timeline

1. 1222–1250Tumapel · East JavaAfter overthrowing the previous dynasty, Ken Arok founded the Singhasari Kingdom and established its capital at Tumapel, integrating the East Javanese aristocracy and village society through the Hindu tradition of kingship, opening a new political order in eastern Java in the 13th century.
2. c. 1250–1275Singhasari and its surroundings · East JavaSuccessive rulers consolidated control over Bali and vassals on the Malay Peninsula; funerary temples and religious stone carvings were built around the capital, blending Shaivite and Buddhist elements and embodying a Javanese conception of cosmic kingship.
3. c. 1275–1292Capital of Singhasari · East JavaKertanagara pursued a hardline foreign policy, refusing to submit to the Yuan dynasty and executing its envoys; the capital remained the political core of the kingdom, but the enemies it made abroad intensified the crisis of the kingdom's final years.
4. 1292Singhasari · East JavaIn 1292 Yuan general Shi Bi led forces in alliance with a Javanese rebel general to destroy Singhasari; Kertanagara was killed, the capital lost its status as royal seat, and the resulting power vacuum created the conditions for Majapahit's rise in eastern Java.