Reconquista

Timeline

1. c. 900–1100Northern Iberian Peninsula · IberiaThe kingdoms of Asturias-León, Navarre, and Aragon expanded south along the Duero and Ebro rivers, consolidating newly conquered lands through fief grants and castle settlement.
2. c. 1121–1130Iberian Peninsula · IberiaIn the 1120s Alfonso VII unified Castile-León and titled himself 'Emperor of All Spain'; Aragon captured Zaragoza (1118); Portugal moved toward independence under Afonso Henriques, forming coordinated southward pressure among the Christian kingdoms.
3. 1120–1300Iberian frontier zone · IberiaMilitary orders such as the Knights Templar and the Order of Santiago received papal recognition in the 1120s, garrisoned frontier castles, and drew European crusaders into Iberian warfare, deepening the institutionalization of the Reconquista.
4. 1492Granada · Al-AndalusFerdinand II and Isabella I captured Granada; the last Nasrid sultan surrendered, and the Reconquista was declared complete as a peninsula-wide political process.