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Srivijaya Successor States
In the early 13th century the defunct Srivijaya maritime empire left ports of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and new Javanese kingdoms to their own de…
Timeline
- 1220–1225Palembang · SumatraAfter the Chola Empire's raids in the 11th century, Srivijaya's control of the strait's ports steadily weakened. By the 1220s, though Palembang still maintained Buddhist royal traditions, it was powerless to unify command over eastern Sumatra and Malay Peninsula vassals, and the old empire had become a regional port-city polity.
- 1223–1227Southern Malay Peninsula · Malay PeninsulaPort states like Melayu developed independently in the peninsula and Sumatra's interior, participating in Indian Ocean–China trade with spices, tin, and forest products. Mainland Southeast Asian polities like Champa also actively engaged South China Sea routes, and the old Srivijaya tribute system was replaced by a pluralistic competitive landscape.
- 1225–1230Java · JavaEastern Javanese kingdoms rose in power, paving the way for Singhasari's emergence in the later 13th century and further contest for strait hegemony. By the late 1220s, Malacca Strait trade was already governed by multiple states, with Srivijaya's legacy dispersed among several successor maritime polities.
Sources
- The Indianized States of Southeast Asia — George Coedès (1968)
- Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula — Paul Michel Munoz (2006)